阅读样题-Passage 70

时间：2022-02-08 14:46:31 作者：网络来源：网络

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Passage 70

The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist- illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.

Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy. Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/ or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.

文章解析

第一句：

The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern has been the study of male care among monogamous primates.

白话版讲解：

对于研究灵长类的研究人员来说，他们在研究模式上出现的最主要的一种例外情况，是在研究一夫一妻制的灵长类动物中，雄性的照看行为时发现的。

第二句：

It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist- illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females.

白话版讲解：

在新大陆猴子中，雄性对它们幼崽进行直接照顾的程度和付出，和雌性一样，甚至超过雌性。这件事情早已不是什么新鲜事，自从动物学家兼插画家 George Edwards 决定观察在伦敦一个花园里的宠物狨（一种栖息于中南美洲的小长尾猴）的行为的时候，我们就发现这一点了。

第三句：

Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to court the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it.

白话版讲解：

在狨这类猴子和柽柳猴（新大陆猴子的一种）中，母亲一般一年生育两次，而且每次基本都会生下双胞胎，为了给承受巨大生育压力的雌性献殷勤，雄性会一直照顾着幼崽（哺乳时间除外）。

第四句：

It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.

白话版讲解：

Klemain 认为，一夫一妻制度，以及雄性对亲子关系的自信（即雄性相信雌性孵化的后代是自己的孩子）对于这种养育模式的进化非常重要。与此同时，Symons 和其他人认为，在灵长类动物中，一夫一妻的情况很少出现。

以上四句是第一段的内容。第一段首先是描述了灵长类动物中的一种现象，并且对这种现象提出了解释。

第五句：

Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture.

白话版讲解：

但是，最近的发现却让人们对过去的观点产生了质疑。

第六句：

First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy.

白话版讲解：

首先，一夫一妻制在灵长类动物中比之前人们认为的更常见。不管是义务一夫一妻制（雌性必须要在雄性的帮助下才能养育自己的后代），还是兼性一夫一妻制（雄性并不会承诺和某一个定性的雌性交往，但是因为他没有更好的其它交配机会，所以选择和她呆在一起），一夫一妻制度在 17% 到 20% 的现存灵长类动物中有被人类记录到。其次，根据 Hrdy 的观点，雄性照顾孩子的情况比之前人们认为的更普遍，而且这种情况也不仅仅限于一夫一妻制的物种中。

这句话表明，过去和现在的两种观点，对于一夫一妻制度和雄性照顾后代这两件事情之间的因果关系有着相反的理解。过去人们认为是一夫一妻制度导致了雄性进化到能够去照看后代的程度。而现在的观点则认为，雄性能够拥有照看后代的能力导致了一夫一妻制度的出现。

第七句：

Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility that the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy.

白话版讲解：

在过去，人们认为一夫一妻制度，以及雄性对于亲子关系的自信让动物进化到了雄性会去养育后代（的程度）。而现在，我们应该去考虑另外一种可能性（另外一种可能性是更合理的）。这种可能性就是，雄性灵长类动物具备能够出色完成照顾自己子女的能力，而这种能力让灵长目动物中的成员提前适应了雄性和雌性之间的亲密、长期的关系。而这种两性之间存在的亲密、长期关系导致了一夫一妻制的出现。

第八句：

Either scenario could be true.

白话版讲解：

两种情况都有可能。

这句话表明，前面提到的雄性照看后代和一夫一妻制度的产生，两者之间到底是谁导致了谁，目前还没有定论。

第九句：

The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon.

白话版讲解：

关键是，没有理由认为雄性去抚养后代是一种特有的，比较局限的行为。（也就是说这种情况并不少见。）

第十句：

In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.

白话版讲解：

总而言之，尽管普遍而言，几乎在所有的灵长类动物中，母亲抚养后代上花费的时间和（或）精力要比父亲多，但雄性在抚养后代上面起到的作用比我们认为的更重要，也更多样化。

题目解析

1. The author the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily to

A. present an instance of untenable assumption.

B. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claim.

C. provide evidence that challenges a belief.

D. highlight a corollary of a widespread view.

E. offer data that help resolve a debate.

白话版讲解：

第一题：文章作者提到 Hrdy 的作品，目的是什么？

这道题的正确答案是 C。

原文在第二段开头提到了 Hrdy 的观点，这句话是对第二段第一句的内容（Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture.）进行了详细的阐述。而第二段第一句话的内容是对第一段结尾提到的观点进行了质疑。

A. 是为一个站不住脚的假设提供一个例子。

B. 是通过引用某个具有代表性的观点，来阐述一个共识。

C. 是为了提供证据，而这个证据是对某种观点提出了挑战和质疑。

D. 是为了强调某个普遍认可的观点会导致的必然结果、结论。

E. 是为了给出数据，来解决某个争论话题。

2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is

A. incontestable.

B. immutable.

C. uncommon.

D. immaterial.

E. uncertain.

白话版讲解：

第二题：文章内容，雄性照顾后代和一夫一妻制度之间的进化关系是怎样的？

这道题的正确答案是 E。

原文第二段提到了雄性照顾后代和一夫一妻制度之间的关系。以前认为是前者导致了后者，现在人们认为是后者导致了前者。随后文章又对两者之前的因果关系做出了评价（Either scenario could be true. ）。这句话说明两者之间的关系目前还没有定论。

A. 毫无争议的。

B. 永恒不变的。

C. 不常见的。

D. 无关紧要的。

E. 不确定的。

3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriate to consider the alternative possibility” because the previous view

A. results in a contradiction.

B. depends on problematic data.

C. appears less definite given certain facts.

D. conflates two distinct phenomena.

E. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena.

白话版讲解：

第三题：作者提到“另外一种可能性更合理一些”是因为之前的观点有什么问题？

这道题的正确答案是 C。

文章首先在第一段提到，人们过去观察的结果是，雄性养育后代的情况也是比较少见。第二段提到，因此，过去的人们认为，是一夫一妻制度导致雄性愿意养育后代。但是后来，人们发现，一夫一妻制度比之前人们认为的更常见，而且雄性照顾后代的情况也比之前人们认为的更普遍。因此，作者提到，另外一种可能性更合理一些，也就是雄性有能力照顾后代，导致了一夫一妻制度的出现。因此，我们可以分析出，文章认为前面一种观点它所依据的事实情况是有问题的。

A. 因为它会导致出现了前后不一致、矛盾的情况。

B. 因为它是根据有问题的数据得出来的。

C. 因为它是根据一些不确定的情况得出来的。

D. 因为它混淆了两个不同的现象。

E. 因为它忽视了两个相互关联的现象之间存在的因果关系。

4. Which of the following statement, if true, would provide the greatest support to “the alternative possibility”?

A. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.

B. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.

C. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.

D. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.

E. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.

白话版讲解：

第四题：以下哪个说法最能支持“另外一种可能性”的说法？

这道题的正确答案是 B。

另外一种可能性认为，雄性顾后代的能力导致了一夫一妻制度的出现。想要加强这种说法，只需要加强两者之间的因果关系即可。

A. 灵长类动物中，雄性照顾后代的物种数量比实行一夫一妻制度的物种数量多。

B. 灵长类动物中，雄性照顾后代的情况比一夫一妻制度更早出现。（间接支持说明前者导致了后者的出现。）

C. 一夫一妻制度可以在生活在各种环境中的灵长类动物身上观察到。

D. 大部分实行一夫一妻制度的灵长类动物都没有出现雄性照顾后代的情况。

E. 雄性照顾后代的情况可以在一些灵长类物种中观察到，这些物种里，雄性并不确定自己抚养的后代是否是自己的。

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